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 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
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 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
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 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
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 * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND,
 * either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions
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[[core-api-service,ServiceComposite]]
= Service Composite =
Any service added, via the ModuleAssembly.addServices(), ModuleAssembly.services() and ModuleAssembly.importServices()
methods, will have the ServiceComposite meta type added to it. In Zest, when we speak of _Services_ we mean instances
of _ServiceComposite_.

Most programmers are familiar with the term "Service", and after the failure of Object Oriented Programming's promise
to encapsulate all the behavior together with the object's state, programmers learned that the only way to deal with
decoupling and re-use was to make the objects into data containers and deploy services that acted upon those data
containers. Very much what functions did on structs back in the C and Pascal days.

Zest™ will bring a lot of the behavior back to the Composite itself, but we still need Services for cross-composite
functionality. The Zest™ Service model is fairly simple, yet powerful and flexible enough to accommodate most
service-oriented patterns and ability to integrate well with external systems whether they are in-JVM or remote,
such as Spring, OSGi, WS-*, Rest and others.

The characteristics of a ServiceComposite compared to other Composite meta types are;

    * It is one singleton per declaration in bootstrap.
    * It has an identity defined in bootstrap.
    * It has an Activation life cycle into which Activators hook.
    * It has an optional Configuration.


_Services_ in Zest™ are _singletons_, one instance per definition. That means that there may exist multiple instances
of the same service type, but they can not be created on the fly in runtime, but has to be explicitly defined during
<<core-bootstrap-assembly>>.

By default, _Services_ are not instantiated until they are used. This means that the _ServiceComposite_ instance itself
will not exist until someone calls a method. If a _Service_ needs to be instantiated when the _Module_ is activated, one
need to declare/call the instantiateOnStartup() method on the _ServiceDescriptor_ during the bootstrap.

== Service Configuration ==
The configuration for a service is well supported in Zest. See the <<core-api-service-configuration>> chapter for details.

== Service Activation ==
Services are activated (injected and instantiated) either on application start-up, or upon first use. This is controlled
by calling instantiateOnStartup(), this way;

[snippet,java]
--------------
source=core/api/src/test/java/org/qi4j/api/service/DocumentationSupport.java
tag=instantiateOnStartup
--------------

If this method is not called during assembly, the activation will occur on first service usage.

Passivation occurs when a <<core-api-module>> is deactivated, typically because the whole application is shutting down.
Passivation occurs in the reverse order of the activation, to ensure that dependent services are still available for a
passivating service.

Activators can be assembled with Services to manage their activation.
The easiest way is to implement the ServiceActivation interface directly in the ServiceComposite;

[snippet,java]
--------------
source=core/api/src/test/java/org/qi4j/api/service/DocumentationSupport.java
tag=activation1
--------------

The activation code can also be moved outside the composite by using the ServiceActivatorAdapter;

[snippet,java]
--------------
source=core/api/src/test/java/org/qi4j/api/service/DocumentationSupport.java
tag=activation2
--------------

Activators can be registered on Service assembly too, this way;

[snippet,java]
--------------
source=core/api/src/test/java/org/qi4j/api/service/DocumentationSupport.java
tag=activation3
--------------


Activators assembled with the service will get their +beforeActivation+ and +afterActivation+ methods called around the
ServiceComposite activation and their +beforePassivation+ and +afterPassivation+ around the ServiceComposite
passivation.
Member injection and constructor initialization occur during the activation. The ServiceComposite can be used from the
+afterActivation+ to the +beforePassivation+ method.

== Identity and Tags ==
Services has an Identity, which drives the <<core-api-service-configuration>> system and can be used to lookup a particular service
instance. Services can also be arbitrarily tagged, via the ServiceDescriptor. Example;

[snippet,java]
--------------
source=core/api/src/test/java/org/qi4j/api/service/DocumentationSupport.java
tag=tag
--------------

Tags are useful inside the application code to locate a particular service instance, in case we have many. For instance;

[snippet,java]
--------------
source=core/api/src/test/java/org/qi4j/api/service/DocumentationSupport.java
tag=UseTag
--------------
